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While some aspects of police work have been studied in depth — for example, police decision making in connection with an arrest — very little is known about the way in which detectives work toward identifying suspects in serial murder investigations. In order for the classification of serial murderers to be more than educated guess work, conclusions must be based on empirical research of consistencies in criminal behavior, and the relationship of those actions to aspects of an offender that are available to the police in an investigation.


There can be certain thematic behaviors in any murder committed by a sample of serial murderers that are more typical than behaviors in similar murders; therefore there will be consistency across the three offense series for the offender samples.  Despite of the fact that the descriptive label is applied, profiling as an investigative tool today represents a less than educated attempt to provide law enforcement agencies with detailed information about the behavior of an unknown individual who has committed a crime. Profiling serial murderers should proceed on the assumption that to understand crimes of this nature, we need to consider psychological issues relevant to behavior in general — for example, the offender’s perception and interpretation of his actions and their likely consequences, and the emotional framework within which the person operates. Crime scene behavior, like any other behavior, is a function of the whole personality of the individual. Human behavior does not take place in a vacuum, but occurs in a concrete social situation. Hence, the specific circumstances of a set of actions between offender and victim need to be understood in order to give a useful account of any related behavior.

A model of any violent crime, especially that of serial murder, should be built on the central hypothesis that offenders differ in their actions when committing crimes and that these differences reflect different interactions between the offender and victim. The research has tended to combine accounts of crime scene actions with explanations of motivations, intentions, personality attributes, and other inferred offender characteristics.

‘(…)A serial murder, whether committed for sexual sadistic purposes or revenge, is just a label for what is, in fact, quite complex behavior. However, this label tells us little about the individual who carries out that attitude.(…)’

The first serial murderer type is one who struggles against his impulses. his crimes are disorganized, and he often leaves his crime scenes in disarray. this type of killer is driven by sadistic sexual urges, seeking to humiliate his victims. Lust drives them to murder brutally, restlessly, almost without end.

All killers have different cognitive perceptions of their victims before and during a crime which reflect the personal narratives of these men in their everyday life. One possibly is that serial murderers, who see their victims as “vehicles” on which to vent their anger and rage, could kill repeatedly to re-enact impersonal, fearful attachment conflicts. Serial murderers see their victims as objects, a kind of prop for acting out their sadistic torture and sexual fantasies. These types of serial murderers express dismissing attachment. Dismissing attachment is a term applied to individuals who are selfassured; for example, they exhibit controlling and calculating behavior.

There are a number of ways in which associations between crime scene behaviors of serial murderers can be established. The framework adopted in this study is characterized as a psycho-social behavioral approach, in which the offenders’ interactions with their victims will tell us how they carry out their crimes, and subsequently how consistent they are from one offense to another. Crime scene actions that show associations between offenses will help classify behavior into common themes. Implicit is the need to identify those behavioral traces at a crime scene which can be used as variables for this research. Such traces of behavior may be seen as discrete acts, which constitute one element within a series of actions which combine to form an underlying structure to a crime scene.

The general hypotheses central to this research are:

1. Serial murderers will display certain crime scene behaviors that they share in common;
2. There will be groups of serial murderers who will consistently display signature behaviors that are more typical than any other group;
3. The analysis of the data will reveal four thematic, mutually exclusive regions that make up the offender’s modes of interaction with his victims. The four themes of behavior are:

• Affective-Vehicle
• Affective-Object
• Cognitive-Vehicle
• Cognitive-Object


All of these aspects of offense behavior might be identified in details of an actual event and they therefore would combine to provide a composite model of serial murderers’ offense behavior. Such an empirical model would be expected to have an interpretable structure to it.

The dominant crime scene behaviors of serial murderers. The following variables or actions are central:

Victim’s body hidden
Body moved
Victim found nude
Offender pre-selected a weapon
Personal items stolen from victim
Victim bound by rope
Victim’s clothing ripped/torn
Weapon a knife
Anal assault
Vaginal assault
The ten behaviors listed


A completely emotional, unplanned murder where the victim is treated as a vehicle. The following affective-vehicle (AV) thematic variables that co-occurred in this region are:


  1. Weapon hands/feet;
  2. Victim’s body left openly displayed;
  3. Attempt sexual assault;
  4. Semen found at crime scene;
  5. Victim’s clothing scattered;
  6. Restraint found at crime scene;
  7. Restraint victim’s clothing;
  8. Crime occurred in a house;
  9. Crime at victim’s resident;
  10. Victim’s property ransacked;
  11. Forced entry;
  12. Entry made during the night;
  13. Victim found fully dressed;
  14. Weapon found at crime scene;
  15. Weapon of opportunity;
  16. Victim’s vehicle stolen;

For example, the cognitive-object thematic behaviors mentioned above indicated planning, such as using a con approach and destroying forensic evidence, were consistently plotted as neighbors with post-mortem sex, inserting objects, disfiguring the body, and anthropophagy. Similar behaviors were plotted as neighbors in the cognitive-vehicle thematic region. For example, drugging the victim and the use of a blindfold plotted together in all the offense series. These actions suggest pre-planning.

The Police Department; 
https://www.politie.nl/mijnbuurt/politiebureaus/05/burgwallen.html and a Chief Inspector – Mr. Erik Akerboom                                 ©



 Bibliography:

1.      Criminal Investigations – Crime Scene Investigation.2000
2.       Forensic Science.2006
3.      Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation.2012
4.       Forensics Pathology.2001
5.       Pathology.2005  
6.      Forensic DNA Technology (Lewis Publishers,New York, 1991).
7.      The Examination and Typing of Bloodstains in the Crime Laboratory (U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., 1971).
8.      „A Short History of the Polymerase Chain Reaction". PCR Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology.
9.       Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (3rd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.2001
10.  "Antibodies as Thermolabile Switches: High Temperature Triggering for the Polymerase Chain Reaction". Bio/Technology.1994
11.  Forensic Science Handbook, vol. III (Regents/Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993).
12.  "Thermostable DNA Polymerases for a Wide Spectrum of Applications: Comparison of a Robust Hybrid TopoTaq to other enzymes". In Kieleczawa J. DNA Sequencing II: Optimizing Preparation and Cleanup. Jones and Bartlett. 2006
13.  "Microscale chaotic advection enables robust convective DNA replication.". Analytical Chemistry. 2013
14.  Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry (U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Washington, D.C.,1983).
15.  C. A. Villee et al., Biology (Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, 2nd ed.,1989).
16.  Molecular Biology of the Gene (Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, CA, 4th ed., 1987).
17.  Molecular Evolutionary Genetics (Plenum Press, New York,1985).
18.  Human Physiology. An Integrate. 2016

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