Przejdź do głównej zawartości

Instrumental and Expressive Homicides





There are various ways to classify types of criminal homicide. State statutes distinguish between criminal and non-criminal homicides, degrees of murders, and types of manslaughters. Law enforcement agencies often categorize homicides according to the characteristics of the offender (e.g., gang versus non-gang), the victim (e.g., child murders, teen violence, elderly victims), or situational context or attributes (e.g., domestic violence, stranger assaults, drive-by shootings, robbery- murders, road rage, or workplace homicides). Lawyers, social scientists, and law enforcers also classify homicides in terms of motive. Common motives for homicides include trivial altercations, jealousy, revenge, romantic triangles, robbery, sexual assault, burglary, and disputes in drug transactions. The research examines whether instrumental and expressive homicides are qualitatively different in their social context (i.e., combinations of offender, victim, and situational characteristics). We do this empirically by identifying the most prevalent combinations of individual and situational elements unique to each type of homicide, as well as those common to both, through a systematic process of holistic comparison. The distinction between instrumental and expressive crimes has been widely used in criminological research. Instrumental crimes are those conducted for explicit, future goals (such as to acquire money or improve one’s social position), whereas expressive offenses are often unplanned acts of anger, rage, or frustration. The instrumental–expressive distinction often parallels the differences between planned (premeditated) and spontaneous (“heat of passion”) offenses. Violent crimes are often distinguished from other offenses (like corporate crime) based on their relative frequency of instrumental and expressive motives. Expressive crimes are often viewed as undeterrable by legal sanctions. Other crime prevention and intervention strategies are also tied directly to the instrumental–expressive distinction. Killings that occur in the commission of another felony are the most commonly classified instrumental homicides. While many homicides in these felony-type circumstances are often a side effect of another criminal act,  these killings are usually classified as instrumental crimes because the death of the victim is a potentially expected outcome in the pursuit of the primary goal. Even expressive acts of violence done in anger reflect an instrumental reaction to perceived wrongdoing. Instrumental homicides involve all felony-type circumstances such as robbery, rape, burglary, drug offenses, motor vehicle theft, and other felony-type situations. While murders that occur during robberies are often portrayed as the ultimate instrumental homicide, they share a similar social context to instrumental homicides in only about one third of these crimes. Fewer than 10% of homicides involving narcotic law violations or gambling have social contexts that are unique to instrumental homicides, with the vast majority of these homicides involving combinations of individual and situational factors that are common to both instrumental and expressive homicides.

The most important conclusion that comes up from the analysis is that characterization of homicides as either instrumental, expressive, or a combination of the two is a complex issue. The treatment of instrumental-expressive crimes as a simple dichotomy results in a gross misrepresentation of both.

Acknowledgements

The Police Department; 
https://www.politie.nl/mijnbuurt/politiebureaus/05/burgwallen.html and a Chief Inspector – Mr. Erik Akerboom                                 ©

 Bibliography:

1.      Criminal Investigations – Crime Scene Investigation.2000
2.       Forensic Science.2006
3.      Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation.2012
4.       Forensics Pathology.2001
5.       Pathology.2005  
6.      Forensic DNA Technology (Lewis Publishers,New York, 1991).
7.      The Examination and Typing of Bloodstains in the Crime Laboratory (U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., 1971).
8.      „A Short History of the Polymerase Chain Reaction". PCR Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology.
9.       Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (3rd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.2001
10.  "Antibodies as Thermolabile Switches: High Temperature Triggering for the Polymerase Chain Reaction". Bio/Technology.1994
11.  Forensic Science Handbook, vol. III (Regents/Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993).
12.  "Thermostable DNA Polymerases for a Wide Spectrum of Applications: Comparison of a Robust Hybrid TopoTaq to other enzymes". In Kieleczawa J. DNA Sequencing II: Optimizing Preparation and Cleanup. Jones and Bartlett. 2006
13.  "Microscale chaotic advection enables robust convective DNA replication.". Analytical Chemistry. 2013
14.  Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry (U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Washington, D.C.,1983).
15.  C. A. Villee et al., Biology (Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, 2nd ed.,1989).
16.  Molecular Biology of the Gene (Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Menlo Park, CA, 4th ed., 1987).
17.  Molecular Evolutionary Genetics (Plenum Press, New York,1985).
18.  Human Physiology. An Integrate. 2016

Komentarze

Prześlij komentarz

Popularne posty z tego bloga

# 15 Željko Ražnatović

Željko Ražnatović was born on 17 April 1952 – 15 January 2000 and known as Arkan , was a Serbian career criminal and commander of a paramilitary force in the Yugoslav Wars, called the Serb Volunteer Guard. He was enlisted on Interpol's most wanted list in the 1970s and 1980s for robberies and murders committed in a number of countries across Europe, and was later indicted by the UN for crimes against humanity for his role during the wars. Ražnatović was up until his death the most powerful crime boss in the Balkans. He was assassinated in 2000, before his trial. Željko Ražnatović was born in Brežice, a small border town in Slovenian Styria, FPR Yugoslavia. His father, Veljko Ražnatović, served as a decorated officer in the SFR Yugoslav Air Force, earning high rank for his notable World War II involvement on the Partisan side, and was stationed in Slovenian Styria at the time of Željko's birth. He spent part of his childhood in Zagreb (SR Croatia) and Pan...
Prześlij komentarz
Czytaj więcej

Deaths from Firearms

The correct handling of a death from gunshot wounds begins at the scene. Here valuable evidence on the body can be lost or altered and bogus evidence may be inadvertently introduced through mishandling of the body. Before a body is touched, its position and appearance should be documented photographically and diagrammatically. The most important rule at the scene is to handle the body as little as possible so as not to dislodge trace evidence that may be clinging to garments or to the body surface. Hands should never be pried open, and fingerprints should never be taken at the scene. Fingerprint ink can either mimic or obscure powder soot as well as introducing contaminating materials that may render subsequent examination of the hands for primer residues of questionable validity. Manipulation of the hands is of even greater potential danger if it is done by a police officer who, theoretically, can transfer primer residues from his hands to those of the deceased....
Prześlij komentarz
Czytaj więcej

#4 A Peculiar Character of Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey

His mysterious death was supposed to be silent and left behind, in contrary, it caused mayhem and upheavals shortly after it occurred. His noble background opened him the gate to British Parliament, He was very-well educated, he attended to Westminster School, graduated Christ Church, Oxford. In September 1666 he received a knighthood. Despite of being Protestant he had a significant number of his Catholic counterparts, including the Duke of York, the future king James II. Unfortunately not every alley he made was a good one, he was pronounced a member of so-called ‘Peyton Gang’ which was closely associated with Green Ribbon Club. The Club’s members wanted to force the king Charles II to turn to Catholicism and abandon Protestantism. Efforts were futile. The plot was simple, meant to shake off the kingdom and set up the republic, what could be simpler?  - Failure, perhaps. Richard Cromwell unsuccessfully prepared the details. He was crushed by the gove...
Prześlij komentarz
Czytaj więcej