Violent interactions in which people are engaged are
based on experiences and expectations of reality. For that reason, an
understanding of violence and its extremes must consider the offender’s
construct of reality. As was defined “behavior is the product of one’s own
sense of reality regardless of the degree to which that reality matches the
objective facts of that person’s life”. Moreover it has been stated that the rationale behind scientific inquiries
is that there is an attempt to understand the causes and outcomes of human
actions in order to determine or formulate sets of “relatively simple explanatory
principles laying beneath immediate appearances, and behind what people say [or
do]…[in defining] the reasons for their actions”. Therefore, violent offenders normalize their
psychologically constructed violent propensities, realities, and motivations so
as to normalize for themselves and within their life the violence they commit
against others. The current trend in the characterization and classification of
sexual/lust homicides attempts to use and evaluate the violent character of
those homicides to determine the psychological predispositions of the offender by
analyzing the patterns, controls, wounding techniques, wounding focus, and
injuries suffered by the victim(s). Five fundamental assumptions permeate the
current literature on sexual (lust) homicide:
1) the sexual nature of the offense;
2) agreement on the features and definitions of the
activities associated with sexual (lust) homicides;
3) the significance of offense activities as articulated
by the offender’s violence;
4) the validity of the offense/offender motivational
models;
5) the functionality of the models in the detection and
identification of sexual (lust) homicide offenders.
“…there is perverse emotional colouring of the sexual
ideas. Ideas physiologically and psychologically accompanied by feelings of
disgust, give rise to pleasurable sexual feelings; and the abnormal association
finds expression in passionate, uncontrollable emotion…this is…the case if the
pleasurable feelings, increased to passionate intensity, inhibit any opposing
ideas… the absence or loss of all ideas of morality, aesthetics and law”.
A homicide is generally classified as sex-related or
sexualized when there is evidence or acknowledgment of sexual activity in the
offense. Evidence of sexual activity characteristic of sexual or lust murder
includes but is not limited to:
1) the condition of the clothing or lack thereof on the
victim;
2) evidence of ejaculation or seminal fluid on, near, or
in the body;
3) sexual injury and/or sexual mutilation;
4) extreme wounding (frenzied) or mutilation;
5) substitutive sexual activity indicating fantasy,
ritualism, and symbolism;
6) removal of the victim’s personal belongings for
keepsakes, including the taking of personal property, portions, or substances
from the body;
7) evidence of postmortem insertions into the body of the
victim (whether in body orifices or wound areas).
Therefore, during the investigation of lust murder the
collection of evidentiary materials is important. It is the understanding, and
reconstruction, of the offender’s actions and activities that comprise the
complete collection of evidence and presentation of evidentiary significance.
The characteristics of lust murder behavior include but are not limited to
access to the victim through such activities as stalking, breaking and
entering, work, socialization, location, travel, and acquisitional planning
associated with the routine activities of the victim or perpetrator. Lust
murder behavior at the crime scenes associated with the violence is also
apparent in the generalized forensic awareness of the offender demonstrated by
the removal of evidentiary significant items or artifacts. No two sexual/lust
murderers are exactly alike. Motivations differ, target preferences differ, and
hunting grounds vary. Crime scene behaviors, victim targeting, acquisition
techniques, and mobility influence the classification and typologies of
offenders. Various typologies and classifications have been developed via the
use of empirical and qualitative research, noting such behaviors that are
frequently inconsistent and rival one another. Moreover, such typologies are
often of limited use to investigators beyond providing some conceptual
understanding of the offender. As has been observed, “for some serial killers
the acts of killing are primary and sexualized; for other serial killers the killings
are secondary to sexual gratification. Sexual motivation is implicated in each
case but at a different level”. Therefore, the victim’s presence or absence of consciousness
or life is not an essential prerequisite for the offender’s fantasy driven conduct
consisting of generalized violence, torture, or sexualization of those
activities. Lust murder (in Latin, erotophonophilia), also known as sexual
homicide, is the commission of murder where the acting out of violence is
exhibited by the presence of sexualized brutality that results in the death of
the victim. Moreover, sexualized brutality is the means by which the offender
commits the actions against a targeted victim and the violence is not its end.
In sexualized brutality the victim is plainly an instrument for the offender to
use to fulfill his needs as dictated by his psychopathological and paraphilic
predilections. Expressive homicide is defined as violence committed when the
ultimate and primary goal is harm of a specifically identified or targeted type
of person. As such, the expressive homicide occurs when a person is identified
by the offender as a real or perceived threat to the offender’s sense of
personal integrity, their sense of self-worth, or has otherwise unwittingly
provoked or triggered the offender’s purposively violent response. During the
violent interaction the victim is perceived as refusing to acquiesce to
coercion, domination, or control by the offender; that refusal, or target-triggering
response, renders the victim subject to the offender’s violent intentions. Most
commonly, expressive homicides are violent interactions that take place between
spouses, other family members, strangers or acquaintances in contests of will,
and machismo threat-related confrontations. Expressive violence, and therefore
expressive homicide, occurs when the offender physically expresses specifically
focused revenge or anger toward the known or familiar victim. Instrumental violence,
in contrast, is not prompted by the immediacy of revenge or specific anger.
Instead, it is the expression of goal directedness and is not based on
emotional prompting. Rather, instrumental violence does not find its primary
targets among the offender’s familiars. Instrumental violence and instrumental
homicide occurs when the offender identifies a victim (individual or group) as
appropriate or preferred type. Instrumental violence offenders exhibit planning
and are intentionally directed at gaining their target and attaining
satisfaction of their preexistent psychopathologies through the victim. Instrumental
homicide is not a response to external motivations or actionable prompting by
the victim. Therefore, with instrumental violence the victim is a vehicle or
device for the offender to attain the psychological fulfillment of his or her
paraphilic or psychosexual predisposition. The victim is unfortunately simply
the means to an end. Therefore, homicides committed by psychopathic offenders
were significantly more instrumental in their nature than those committed by
nonpsychopaths. Most significantly, the study demonstrated that psychopaths,
long believed to be prone to impulsivity and expressive offenses, were in fact
capable of modifying their behavior and planning; and they were much less
likely to be reactive under provocation than nonpsychopaths. Psychopathic
homicide offenders have been found to be capable of controlling their
impulsiveness, focusing on their targeted victim, planning and preparing the
assault, and executing the violence in such a way as to elude detection.
Psychopaths were found to be significantly less prone to respond under
emotional provocation, engage in conscious decision-making, consider means of
eluding capture, and carry out murders in a “cold blooded” fashion. Instrumental
homicide, particularly instrumental lust murder, occurs when the offender
attempts to obtain something of value. The thing of value sought by the
perpetrator is the target’s relationship or connection with the offender’s predetermined
presence type and/or what that type represents to the offender. More
specifically, the offender targets the victim based on internal pathology and
emotional drives. The motive of the offender is not about gain, money, or other
artifact of real property as with traditional murder offenses. Instrumental lust
murder is the commutation of the offender’s psychopathology in the acts of
acquisition, injury, and death of the victim. Any removal of property or other
belongings of the victim by the offender is important in its intrinsic nature,
not the monetary value of the item. It is the violence and death of the victim
that reflect the essential goals significant to the offender, and these are
reflected in the items taken. Any item of property taken after a lust murder is
merely a memento for remembrance and fantasy in which the offender indulges
between offenses. In summary, the serial instrumental offender does not act
impulsively and is capable of planning, executing the offense, concealing their
identity, and waiting for the next opportunity. Lust murderers respond to their
environment from a psychological wellspring that contains the constructs of the
target and offense significance. They have a propensity to choose victims for
whom they have a particular preference and acquisitional opportunity. Much of
the criminological research during the last century has focused on attempts to
discover the motivation and behaviors of persons who commit criminal offenses.
Therefore, the investigator, through observation of the offense, crime scenes,
and evidentiary artifacts, seeks to identify the planning, preparation, and
style of execution of a sexual homicide offender and their psychosexual
predispositions. The tools and methods used by the offender reveal their modus
operandi, signature, and ritual significance. A significant factor regarding
the relationships and connections signifying the offender’s “calling card” are
opportunity, means, victim availability/ vulnerability, and the setting of the
offense. The victim in terms of being a target of opportunity, the symbolism
inherent in the violence, and the geographic availability for predation are
important considerations when identifying the offender. Consequently, a
detailed examination of the victim’s identity, life, lifestyle, and habits is
vital. Key issues inherent to such a
consideration should include:
1. Routine(s)—work, relations, hobbies, habits, frequency
of contacts
2. Habits—indicated by residence, friends, and
information from intimates
3. Risk-lifestyle—social, financial, living environment,
economic, age, associations, etc.
4. Databases and criminal activities—criminal and civil
histories, associates
5. Links to scene—what routine or activity associated, if
any, to scene(s)
6. Physical appearance and demographics
7. How controlled by offender—weapon, ruse, bindings,
other
8. Personality—psychological, physiological, emotional
predispositions
9. Precursor incidents—including historic or previous
assaults, threats, burglaries, robberies, etc.
10.
Relationships—intimates, friends,
associates, coworkers, interpersonal social and sexual lifestyles
11.
Preference-selection—based on
victimology, what would have made this person an “attractive target”
12.
Last known 48 to 72 hours of
victim’s activities—related to known routines
13.
Relevant national research
data—re-risk assessment: likelihood that the person would have been a victim
and classification of victimizer indicated
The combination of the information obtainable
regarding the victim and the crime scene comprise a substantial and frequently
characteristic set of variables available for a homicide investigation that are
of particular importance in the investigation of a sexualized homicide. Sex-related
offenses and sex-related homicide are low incidence offenses and as such do not
represent the opportunity for experiential learning by investigators that high
incidence offenses such as theft, robbery, and burglary provide. Investigator
familiarity with, and practice at, investigating types of offenses provides a
learning curve of offense associations, offender behaviors, and characteristics
and identification techniques. Although academic inquiry to support
investigative necessities of sex-related offenses may seem a responsive practical
tactic, its reliability to an investigator has yet to be clearly determined.
For the continued evolution of lust murder analysis,
classifications, and typological constructs, a critical information template is
necessary rather than mere generalities or popularization of psychological
motivations. Such a critical information template would utilize valid
typologies, violence data generalities/summaries, and a continuum of
decision-making supported by best practices in investigative procedure—thus
providing a reliable classification synopsis for the field investigator. In
sexualized/lust murder homicide investigation, current typologies of offender
behavior should develop an understanding of an offender’s “social reality by
identifying homogeneous groups of crime behaviors that are different from other
clusters of crime behavior”. The acts
and actions are framed by the actor through ceremonial constructs and have
meaning for both the actor and the informed observer. Those acts are the
“demonstration of means of power as strategies”. Therefore, criminal profiling must move from
its more artful constructs to the formalization of analytically derived analyses
of offender actions, violence, victim interactions, offender tools and techniques,
and “hunting” preferences. The classifications and typologies of various
researchers are a beginning, but much work remains if the classifications are
to be a means of formulating profiles that result in apprehension of the
offender.
Acknowledgements:
The Police Department;
https://www.politie.nl/mijnbuurt/politiebureaus/05/burgwallen.html and a
Chief Inspector – Mr. Erik Akerboom ©
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