Facet Theory (FT) offers a different solution to the
problem of classifying the actions of serial murderers. The facet approach combines
the following:
1. Complementary interplay between hypothesis generation
and hypothesis testing. The generation of hypotheses is facilitated by
representation of complex relationships in geometric forms. The testing of hypotheses
and their replicability draws upon a formal framework, with minimal
assumptions.
2. A formal system
for representing sets of interrelated, multivariate hypotheses that is combined
with empirical procedures for examining their validity.
3. A set of nonmetric multivariate statistical procedures
for revealing the structures inherent in complex data, together with principles
for the interpretation of the products of those analyses. There are three basic facet structures: 1) background
facets; 2) domain facets; and 3) range facets (i.e., content facets). Background
facets describe what may be considered the context of the research or its
sample population parameters. Domain facets describe what may be considered as
the “body” of the area of interest. Background and domain facets represent
different foci for the research study. Generally, the domain facets are
concerned with the internal structure of a domain (i.e., what it consists of),
while background facets are considered to discover individual differences in
relation to that domain. Range facets are described as the possible responses to
the stimuli provided by the domain facets. In other words, it is the response
of the sample population described by the background facets to the domain as
described by the domain facets. For example, the range facet may consist of
simple responses, such as “yes” or “no,” or the range may be ordinal. When the
range facet of each item is ordered, indicating that it has the same underlying
meaning, it is considered a common range. All facets consist of a number of
elements. These are defined as the different values or points that logically
and completely describe all the variations of the facet. An element is a
discrete component of a facet. In a robust model of serial murder, facets and facet
elements should ideally be mutually exclusive in relation to the other
facets and their elements. For example, the classification of a crime scene behavior should belong to one facet and
should be independent of it belonging to another facet. Understanding includes dispositional traits, motives, and
the narrative identities. The first level of understanding the person is through
individual traits. These are broad, decontextualized, and relatively nonconditional
constructs, which provide a signature for personality description. These are
the implicitly comparative dimensions of personality that go by such labels as
extroversion, dominance, and neuroticism. The second level of understanding
consists of strategies. These personality descriptions invoke personal strivings;
for example, life tasks, coping strategies, or domain-specific skills and
values. Also at this level, other descriptions can be included, such as
motivational development or strategic constructs that are contextualized in
time, place, or role. The general description of personal concerns speak to what people want, often
during particular periods in their lives or within particular
domains of action. This level also includes methods which people use in order to
get what they want or avoid getting what they do not want over time. The
third level involves an exploration of the identity of the individual’s
narrative or life story; without this, psychology can never
understand how and to what extent the person living in modern society is able to
find unity, purpose, and meaning in life. According
to criminal narratives, in this approach people live their lives as a form of a
“story,” with themselves as the central characters. These stories, or identity narratives,
can be analyzed to discern the themes and roles that guide an individual’s
behavior. The specific themes and patterns in a person’s past behavior can
provide important insight into the person’s “self-story.” Once reconstructed,
this self-story can be used both to predict future behavior as well as other
characteristics. These life stories are intimately connected to behavior such
as crime that is outside of socially approved boundaries. It is
suggested that by drawing attention to the subjective aspects of how serial murderers view their victims, a theoretical
framework for classifying the behavior of serial murderers can be proposed. Another study found that in homicides involving the victim and offender in
semi-relationships, the amount of aggression in the murder was “dependent upon
the psychological state of the offender and the meaning the victim had for
him.” In a thematic classification framework, the links are made explicit and
are grounded within theoretical concepts. Also, in the thematic approach it
is expected that offenders will have some overlapping sets of repertoires; however,
they will also have behavior most common to them. Briefly, a thematic
variable is a general description or title assigned to cover many possible
variations of observed behavior or phenomena. Facet Theory requires the researcher to match a
conceptual framework to a body of empirical data as demonstrated in the Facet
Model of serial murder. One advantage of Facet Theory is that it allows a strong test of the model’s utility, which has more value in
decision making compared to models where the procedures rely entirely on
assumptions. In other words, once facets have been derived with some consistency, it
is possible to produce replicates of the facets using different data samples. The behavioral facet is one dimension that is divided into two elements: affective
and cognitive. The affective and cognitive components were defined as
the attitude object, implying a rationality in the attitude, and the affective
component as concerning feelings or emotions towards the attitude object. Affective
behaviors are hostile aggressive actions that allegedly result from the offender’s emotional state. The goal-oriented behavior is simply to injure someone. Behavior is motivated by a desire for a
noxious outcome in an expressive way; it is an expression of rage. The
affective action is a search for direct gratification. One example of affective
behavior might be where the serial murderer shows no preplanning in his crimes;
the victims are blitz attacked; and
he leaves forensic clues at the crime scene, which demonstrates low self-awareness. Affective
aggression is seen as the result of external or internal threatening stimuli
that evoke an intense and patterned activation of the autonomic nervous system,
accompanied by threatening vocalization and attacking or defending postures. Predatory
aggression, on the other hand, is a concept that was borrowed from animal
behavior; it may involve activities such as stalking for food or protecting one’s
territory. There are several causes
for affective aggression. First, the individual’s internalized object representations of others may be so diffused and
primitive on both a conceptual and perceptual level that others are
defined only by their physical presence. The individual’s reality testing is
thus distorted. This view of the victim is similar to that manifested in
revenge aggression as where the explanation for the drive to
injure is an effort to discharge aggression towards another person who
represents, for example, a parent or abandoning girlfriend. Affective violence is not to destroy the victim, but to
restore a tenuous sense of integrity and stability to the
individual’s crumbling self experience; an opportunity to solidify a more cohesive sense of self. It is an immediate response to a perceived threat. Affective serial murderers commit a sudden killing, which
is impulsive and rarely well thought-out; their actions have no obvious purpose or hope for personal advantage. This anger was
projected onto the victim, which allowed for a temporary shoring up of the unstable
pride. There was also prolonged tension and disorganization in the murderer
long before actual contact with the victim. Therefore, the three main
characteristics hypothesized to define the affective element are
disorganization, low self-awareness, and rage. One reason for
this is that once a particular and characteristic form of behavior is achieved from early experiences by
the offender, the maintenance of the behavior (slowly evolving) itself
may become an independent force in the functioning of the offender,
both during the crime and when being non-offensive. For example, forms of
reactive aggressive behavior may develop in response to physical restraint in
early relations and other interferences with directed activity, such as
repeatedly taking toys away, or preventing goal-oriented activity. Cognitive violence appears to be
aggressive behavior that is directed toward attaining non-injurious goals. For example, the predatory serial murderer is
presumed to be in control of his crime scene behavior, leaving very little
forensic evidence behind, while also committing sadistic sexual acts. The
victim is perceived as fitting in with the internalized object percept, a visual
image in the offender’s mind that is both a desperately pursued and hatefully
unwanted fantasied person. It should be emphasized that according to this analysis,
both the affective and cognitive types of serial murderers can imbue their
victims with symbolic significance. However, the distinction is that the
affective serial murderer selects targets randomly and imbues them with symbolic
significance, whereas the cognitive serial murderer specifically
targets victims who show a fit with their symbolic person. Consequently, the culminating phase of a sequence of
preparatory activities — in other words, a plan of action — sets serial
murderers found in the cognitive element apart from those in the affective
element. The cognitive murderer might also leave crime scenes that suggest the
main focus of the attack was less to do with the actual murder and more to
do with the need to possess the victim’s body. For example, cognitive
serial murderers may relive their crimes by revisiting their victims’ grave
sites.
To sum up, one might expect the following
characteristics to define the cognitive element: organization, high
self-awareness, and elements of sadistic behavior.
The
Police Department;
https://www.politie.nl/mijnbuurt/politiebureaus/05/burgwallen.html
and a Chief Inspector – Mr. Erik Akerboom
©
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