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Objectives





Classification models of serial murderers have typically relied on speculation, as the focus of serial murder, that the offender is driven to murder due to his violent fantasies; suffers from some form of pathology; or kills due to narcissistic drives. Another focus on serial murderers that is propounded in the literature is that offenders kill to act out sexual perversions. These types of crimes are defined as lust murders. There are certainly sexual overtones to many serial murders, lust murderers may not be representative of serial murderers at large. The Facet Classification Model of serial murder does not carry direct implications for the internal dynamics of serial murderers. The model proposes that more objective accounts of what really happens in the course of a serial murder will relate in part to the link between the offender and the victim. The objective is important from a practical point of view, because it allows the study of the material that is available in police records, which is within the realms of what is referred to as Investigative Psychology. The basis for developing a classification system of serial murder is the hypothesis that variables derived from a crime scene will not have random interrelationships, but rather will reveal a grouping of offenses that have consistently related actions. There are a number of ways in which such association between the crime scene behavior can be established, but whatever methods are used, they will be more powerful in their application if they are part of a logical explanatory framework. For example, knowing which crime scene actions show associations between offenses and offenders can be used to help classify behavior into common themes. Implicit in the objective is the need to identify behavioral traces at a crime scene which can be used as variables for this research. Such traces of behavior may be seen as discrete acts, which constitute one part, one element, or ingredient within a series of actions which combine to form an underlying structure to a crime scene. that the analysis of the data will reveal the two facets identified earlier, behavioral organization and attachment. The behavioral facet will have two facet elements: affective and cognitive. As previously mentioned, affective behavior is hypothesized to be manifested in the form of erratic, emotional rage resulting in the offender’s crime scenes being disorganized, while cognitive behavior is hypothesized to be manifested in the form of organized, sadistic behavior. The second facet, attachment, also has two elements: victim as vehicle and victim as object. Victim as vehicle is most likely to be impersonal, suggesting that the offender’s interactions with his victim is minimal, while victim as object is most likely to be personal, suggesting that the offender imbues his victims with acts that require the offender to spend long periods of time interacting with the victim’s body. The general hypothesis consists of two groups:
1.  there will be groups of serial murderers who will consistently display signature behaviors that are more typical than any other group, which will relate to background history, and;
2.  that serial murderers will have certain crime scene behaviors that they share in common.

Relating offender characteristics to offense is a multivariate problem that has generally been ignored in the literature on serial murder. It is appropriate to construe the relationships between offender characteristics and offense as the canonical relationship between two matrixes: the P matrix of offender characteristics and the Q matrix of offense behavior. The P matrix is derived from the vectors generated by the attributes that describe each offender (e.g., age and criminal history) and Q from the attributes that describe each offense (e.g., type of weapon used and type of sexual assault). In a situation in which an offender carries out one offense, the P matrix is the same rank as the Q matrix and a direct mapping of one into the other may be empirically feasible. However, in a situation in which an offender carries out a series of murders, there is a one-to-many correspondence between the vectors of P and Q that could lead to behavioral inconsistency within an offense series and invalidate any extrapolation from offense to offender. To solve this problem, the potential indeterminacy in resolving P>Q, an iterative procedure, will be necessary whereby the empirical structure of the P and Q matrixes are established independently. Dividing the overall data sample into three subsamples allows for the exploration of consistency in offenders’ crime scene behavior over time. The classification of crime scenes by reference to their underlying themes implies that for each different theme identified there will be a different type of offender, whose life experiences will likely be different within various themes. Serial murderers found within each theme will likely possess the same or parallel characteristics to those offenders committing similar offenses. These data usually have no clear existing structures and may be rather high in noise. The noise inherent in real-world data stems from slight inconsistencies in the manner in which the data were eventually collected.

Although most of the information collected by the police is of a descriptive nature and not recorded in a quantifiable form, this type of data still does have some advantages. First, since it is collected by the police without any psychological hypotheses in mind, there could be less bias in the data. Secondly, this type of data has ecological validity; it can be seen in the context of the overall circumstances from where it was derived.

Acknowledgements:
The Police Department;
https://www.politie.nl/mijnbuurt/politiebureaus/05/burgwallen.html and a Chief Inspector – Mr. Erik Akerboom     ©

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