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Effects of Heat and Cold

Hypothermia and hyperthermia are frequent causes of death by law and high temperatures, the ones out body cannot protect from and fight with. The limits of our body start and finish at certain levels. Hot Air Normal body temperature is generally considered to be 98.6 ° F (37 ° C) orally and approximately 1 ° F (0.6 ° C) higher rectally. Body temperature can vary from individual to individual, by age, time of day or physical exertion. Thus, newborns and the elderly have temperatures averaging 1 ° C higher. Cyclic changes in body temperature occur with decreases of 0.5 ° C early in the morning (approximately 1:00 to 2:00 a.m.) and slight elevations later in the morning and afternoon. Hard exercise can raise the rectal temperature up to 104 ° F.   Rectal temperatures of 39–40 ° C are common in marathoners after a race. Maintenance of normal body temperature is a delicate balance between heat load and heat loss. Heat load is the sum of heat generated by oxidation of ...

Drowning

This article contains graphic images from real cases which may be disturbing to some viewers. Viewer discretion is advised.   Drowning is defined as death caused by submersion in a liquid. It can occur in an ocean or, in the case of alcoholic stupor, epileptics, or infants, in water as shallow as 6 in . The mechanism of death in acute drowning is irreversible cerebral anoxia. The most important physiological consequence of drowning is asphyxia. In drowning, the volume of water inhaled can range from relatively small to very large. In freshwater drowning especially, large volumes of water can pass through the alveolar–capillary interface and enter the circulation. Even when large volumes of water are absorbed, there is no evidence that the increase in blood volume causes significant electrolyte irregularities or hemolysis, or that it is beyond the capacity of the heart or kidneys to compensate for the fluid overload. Some individuals who drown are considered to be ...

Instrumental and Expressive Homicides

There are various ways to classify types of criminal homicide. State statutes distinguish between criminal and non-criminal homicides, degrees of murders, and types of manslaughters. Law enforcement agencies often categorize homicides according to the characteristics of the offender (e.g., gang versus non-gang), the victim (e.g., child murders, teen violence, elderly victims), or situational context or attributes (e.g., domestic violence, stranger assaults, drive-by shootings, robbery- murders, road rage, or workplace homicides). Lawyers, social scientists, and law enforcers also classify homicides in terms of motive. Common motives for homicides include trivial altercations, jealousy, revenge, romantic triangles, robbery, sexual assault, burglary, and disputes in drug transactions. The research examines whether instrumental and expressive homicides are qualitatively different in their social context (i.e., combinations of offender, victim, and situational characteristics). We...